Below is a C++ implementation of the Abstract Factory design pattern, which is a Creational pattern, following the Gang of Four (GoF) structure. Each class is placed in its own file and created in an order that avoids dependency issues.

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Class Creation Order

To avoid dependency errors, create the classes in this order:

1. AbstractProductA & AbstractProductB (Abstract Products)
2. ConcreteProductA1, ConcreteProductA2, ConcreteProductB1, ConcreteProductB2 (Concrete Products)
3. AbstractFactory (Factory Interface)
4. ConcreteFactory1 & ConcreteFactory2 (Factory Implementations)
5. Client Code (main.cpp)

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1. AbstractProductA.h & AbstractProductB.h (Abstract Products)

AbstractProductA.h

#ifndef ABSTRACTPRODUCTA_H
#define ABSTRACTPRODUCTA_H

// Abstract Product A
class AbstractProductA {
public:
    virtual void use() = 0; // Pure virtual function
    virtual ~AbstractProductA() {} // Virtual destructor
};

#endif // ABSTRACTPRODUCTA_H

AbstractProductB.h

#ifndef ABSTRACTPRODUCTB_H
#define ABSTRACTPRODUCTB_H

// Abstract Product B
class AbstractProductB {
public:
    virtual void use() = 0;
    virtual ~AbstractProductB() {} // Virtual destructor
};

#endif // ABSTRACTPRODUCTB_H

Explanation

AbstractProductA and AbstractProductB define the interfaces for the two types of products. Each abstract product contains a use() method, which will be implemented by concrete products.

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2. Concrete Products

ConcreteProductA1.h

#ifndef CONCRETEPRODUCTA1_H
#define CONCRETEPRODUCTA1_H

#include "AbstractProductA.h"
#include <iostream>

// Concrete Product A1
class ConcreteProductA1 : public AbstractProductA {
public:
    void use() override {
        std::cout << "Using ConcreteProductA1" << std::endl;
    }
};

#endif // CONCRETEPRODUCTA1_H

ConcreteProductA2.h

#ifndef CONCRETEPRODUCTA2_H
#define CONCRETEPRODUCTA2_H

#include "AbstractProductA.h"
#include <iostream>

// Concrete Product A2
class ConcreteProductA2 : public AbstractProductA {
public:
    void use() override {
        std::cout << "Using ConcreteProductA2" << std::endl;
    }
};

#endif // CONCRETEPRODUCTA2_H

ConcreteProductB1.h

#ifndef CONCRETEPRODUCTB1_H
#define CONCRETEPRODUCTB1_H

#include "AbstractProductB.h"
#include <iostream>

// Concrete Product B1
class ConcreteProductB1 : public AbstractProductB {
public:
    void use() override {
        std::cout << "Using ConcreteProductB1" << std::endl;
    }
};

#endif // CONCRETEPRODUCTB1_H

ConcreteProductB2.h

#ifndef CONCRETEPRODUCTB2_H
#define CONCRETEPRODUCTB2_H

#include "AbstractProductB.h"
#include <iostream>

// Concrete Product B2
class ConcreteProductB2 : public AbstractProductB {
public:
    void use() override {
        std::cout << "Using ConcreteProductB2" << std::endl;
    }
};

#endif // CONCRETEPRODUCTB2_H

Explanation

ConcreteProductA1, ConcreteProductA2 implement AbstractProductA.
ConcreteProductB1, ConcreteProductB2 implement AbstractProductB.
These represent different product variations.

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3. AbstractFactory.h (Abstract Factory Interface)

#ifndef ABSTRACTFACTORY_H
#define ABSTRACTFACTORY_H

#include "AbstractProductA.h"
#include "AbstractProductB.h"

// Abstract Factory Interface
class AbstractFactory {
public:
    virtual AbstractProductA* createProductA() = 0;
    virtual AbstractProductB* createProductB() = 0;
    virtual ~AbstractFactory() {} // Virtual destructor
};

#endif // ABSTRACTFACTORY_H

Explanation:
Defines createProductA() and createProductB(), which will be implemented by concrete factories.

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4. Concrete Factories

ConcreteFactory1.h

#ifndef CONCRETEFACTORY1_H
#define CONCRETEFACTORY1_H

#include "AbstractFactory.h"
#include "ConcreteProductA1.h"
#include "ConcreteProductB1.h"

// Concrete Factory 1
class ConcreteFactory1 : public AbstractFactory {
public:
    AbstractProductA* createProductA() override {
        return new ConcreteProductA1();
    }

    AbstractProductB* createProductB() override {
        return new ConcreteProductB1();
    }
};

#endif // CONCRETEFACTORY1_H

ConcreteFactory2.h

#ifndef CONCRETEFACTORY2_H
#define CONCRETEFACTORY2_H

#include "AbstractFactory.h"
#include "ConcreteProductA2.h"
#include "ConcreteProductB2.h"

// Concrete Factory 2
class ConcreteFactory2 : public AbstractFactory {
public:
    AbstractProductA* createProductA() override {
        return new ConcreteProductA2();
    }

    AbstractProductB* createProductB() override {
        return new ConcreteProductB2();
    }
};

#endif // CONCRETEFACTORY2_H

Explanation:
ConcreteFactory1 creates ConcreteProductA1 and ConcreteProductB1.
ConcreteFactory2 creates ConcreteProductA2 and ConcreteProductB2.

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5. main.cpp (Client Code)

#include <iostream>
#include "ConcreteFactory1.h"
#include "ConcreteFactory2.h"

int main() {
    // Create a factory of type 1
    AbstractFactory* factory1 = new ConcreteFactory1();
    AbstractProductA* productA1 = factory1->createProductA();
    AbstractProductB* productB1 = factory1->createProductB();

    productA1->use(); // Output: Using ConcreteProductA1
    productB1->use(); // Output: Using ConcreteProductB1

    // Create a factory of type 2
    AbstractFactory* factory2 = new ConcreteFactory2();
    AbstractProductA* productA2 = factory2->createProductA();
    AbstractProductB* productB2 = factory2->createProductB();

    productA2->use(); // Output: Using ConcreteProductA2
    productB2->use(); // Output: Using ConcreteProductB2

    // Cleanup
    delete productA1;
    delete productB1;
    delete factory1;

    delete productA2;
    delete productB2;
    delete factory2;

    return 0;
}

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Final Explanation

1. Abstract Products (AbstractProductA & AbstractProductB): Define interfaces for different types of products.
2. Concrete Products: Implement the abstract products.
3. Abstract Factory: Declares factory methods for creating products.
4. Concrete Factories: Implement factory methods to produce different products.
5. Client Code: Uses the abstract factory to create product families.

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Key Takeaways

• ✅ Encapsulation: The client is independent of concrete product classes.
• ✅ Scalability: Easily add new product families without modifying existing code.
• ✅ Consistency: Ensures related products are created together.